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Let's talk about Bergmann's rule. It states: within closely related organisms, as latitude increases (closer to the poles), average height and volume of an organism increases. For example, the size of penguins increases as a continuous function of latitude. (🧑‍🎨: Karel Frydrýšek)
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Hold on though. Galapagos Penguins (0.95° S) are about six inches taller than Little Penguins which live as far south as Stewart Island in New Zealand (47° S).
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There are exceptions. In the case of the Galapagos penguin, they live in the cold water upwells of the Humboldt current.