The only species of penguins in the Northern Hemisphere (and just barely!) are the equatorial Galapagos penguins, which are the 2nd smallest penguin species on Earth.
They're just these little guys.
The Galapagos penguin mates for life, and there are fewer than 1000 mating couples left in the wild.
For good news (!?), their reproductive cycle is "put on pause" during El Nino events & with anthropogenic climate disruption of trade winds & currents, they can reproduce more often.
Galapagos penguins colonized the equatorial islands from South America, following the cold waters of the Humboldt currents, with sub-surface upwellings in some area near 4 °C.
They show adaptation to warmer climates: they're the only penguin that can 'pant' like a dog, have reduced body fat.
The Galapagos islands have generally rocky beaches, so penguin nests are made in caves and ravines near shore, where the mating pair will lay eggs & raise young year-round.
They eat fish & crustaceans in the Humboldt upwellings & are food for sharks and whales. Their guano promotes new plant life.
